Basic function principles

The high-precision KL3172 analog input terminals can measure two voltages (KL3132, KL3162, KL3172, KL3182) or two currents (KL3142, KL3152) and display them with a resolution of 16 bits (65535 steps). High-precision measurements are ensured through cyclic self-calibration.

By default, the inputs are switched as differential inputs. For terminals KL3132, KL3162, KL3172 and KL3182, terminal point -E1 of the first channel can be switched to internal analog ground with bit R32.6 of the feature register.

Specification

The specification values are valid after at least 30 minutes warm-up time. The self-calibration largely compensates for internal drifts, but the internal reference (like any electronic component) is slightly temperature dependent and must stabilize.

The channels of the KL31x2 are not electrically isolated. Note CommonMode effects.

Process data

Analog values are represented as follows:

Input signal

Value

KL3142-0000

KL3152-0000

KL3162-0000

KL3172-0000

KL3172-0500

KL3172-1000

dec

hex

0 mA

4 mA

0 V

0 V

0 V

0 V

0

0x0000

20 mA

20 mA

10 V

2 V

500 mV

1 V

65535

0xFFFF

Input signal

Value

KL3132-0000

KL3182-0000

dec

hex

-10 V

-2 V

-32768

0x8000

+10 V

+2 V

+32767

0x7FFF

Calculation

The terminal continuously records measured values and stores the raw values of its A/D converter in register R0 (RAM). After each acquisition of the analog signal, a correction is calculated using the compensation and, if necessary, calibration values. This is followed by manufacturer and user scaling:

YA = (XADC + BA) x AA

(1.0)

Manufacturer compensation (if calibration inactive)

YA = ((XADC + BK) x AA) x (AGK / AK)

(1.1)

Manufacturer compensation / calibration (if calibration activated)

YH = YA x AH + BH

(1.2)

Manufacturer scaling

Yoff = YH x AW + BW

(1.3)

User scaling

Legend

Name

Name

Unit

Register

XADC

Output value of the A/D converter

[1]

-

Yoff

Process data for controller

[1]

-

BA

Vendor calibration: offset (can be deactivated via bit R32.5 of the feature register)

[1]

R17

AA

Vendor calibration: gain (always active)

[1 x 2-16 + 1]

R18

BK

Calibration: offset (can be activated via bit R32.5 of the feature register)

[1]

R1

AK

Calibration: gain (can be activated via bit R32.5 of the feature register)

[1]

R2

AGK

Basic calibration: gain (can be activated via bit R32.5 of the feature register)

[1]

R23

BH

Vendor scaling: offset (can be activated via bit R32.1 of the feature register)

[1]

R19

AH

Vendor scaling: gain (can be activated via bit R32.1 of the feature register)

[1 x 2-8 + 1]

R20

BW

User scaling: offset (can be activated via bit R32.0 of the feature register)

[1]

R33

AW

User scaling: gain (can be activated via bit R32.0 of the feature register)

[1 x 2-8 + 1]

R34

Calibration

The analog channels are periodically subjected to self-calibration. In this process, the field signal is electrically separated from the internal acquisition (ADC); instead, internal reference voltages are applied and thus essential circuit parts are acquired. Only the near-field interference suppression elements (L/C combination) and the analog switches themselves cannot be acquired. The aim is to compensate for temperature drift effects.

Note

External effect of the field separation

The described separation of the internal circuit from the signal can cause interferences on the field signal! With normal, i.e. switched on measurement, a current flows through the KL31x2 in any case, which applies a load to the source. This is omitted while the terminal is in self-calibration. If necessary, check the behavior of the signal source (sensor, calibrator) with a separate measuring device in the load change moments, whether overvoltages/undervoltages or short-term glitches/peaks occur.

The calibration interval is set in register R40 in steps of 100 ms. During calibration

Calibration can be disabled by the controller via control byte CB1.1 if necessary. If calibration is disabled over a prolonged period, the terminal carries out a forced calibration, in order to compensate any voltage drifts that may be caused by changes in temperature. The forced calibration interval is specified via register R44 as a multiple of the calibration interval. If a further calibration between two cycles is required, this can be started manually by setting bit CB1.0. The terminal then acts as if it had triggered a calibration itself.

Basic function principles 1:

Fluctuating measuring signals interfere with self-calibration

In the calibration phase, the terminal uses a stabilization check to verify that the input signal is stable. Strongly fluctuating measuring signals prevent a termination of the self-calibration, it stops with Error=1 and Overload/Underload=1, see chapter
Basics of the function/ Calibration and
Access from the user program/ Status byte 1 (for process data mode).

If such a signal is expected at the system, the following can be selected

  • the self-calibration via control bit CB1.1 can be blocked in the process until a steady signal is applied and the self-calibration runs through.
  • the stabilization check can be switched off with bit R32.7.
  • the stabilization error display can be switched off with bit R32.14.
  • the tolerance window R48 of the stabilization control can be increased.

The functionality of the calibration including all features invariably refers to both channels simultaneously! The channels cannot be calibrated individually. For this reason, the registers R40, R44, R47 and R48 are only implemented once for both channels.

Stabilization of the calibration

During the calibration, a stabilization of the offset and gain values is carried out. The calibration values are only accepted once a certain number (specified via register R47) of measured values is inside a certain tolerance range (specified via register R48). This further increases the precision. This function can be deactivated via bit R32.7 .

Limit values

The terminal offers the option of monitoring two limit values per channel. Limit value 1 can be specified via register R35, and limit value 2 via register R36. They are activated via bits in the feature registers R32.9 and R32.10. The status of the current process data value is indicated to the controller via the status byte SB1. Possible states are: Process data equal limit value (3), process data less than limit value (2), process data greater than limit value (1).

Limiting the measuring range

The terminal indicates any violation of the measuring range to the higher-level controller via the status byte.

In both cases, the ERROR LED of the respective channel will be on. This function can be deactivated via bit R32.8.

Differential measurement

With the KL3132, KL3162, KL3172, KL3182, the differential measurement can be deactivated with bit R32.6. Then, for channels 1 and 2, the input is internally switched to GND at terminal point 3/7, which must then be wired externally accordingly.

Basic function principles 2:
Differential measuring