Ethernet

Ethernet was originally developed by DEC, Intel and XEROX (as the "DIX" standard) for passing data between office devices. The term nowadays generally refers to the IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD specification, published in 1985. Because of the high acceptance around the world this technology is available everywhere and is very economical. This means that it is easy to make connections to existing networks.

There are now a wide variety of transmission media: coaxial cable (10Base5), fiber optic (10BaseF) or twisted pair cable (10BaseT) with shielding (STP) or without shielding (UTP). Using Ethernet, different topologies can be built such as ring, line or star.

Ethernet transmits Ethernet packets from a sender to one or more receivers. This transmission takes place without acknowledgement, and without the repetition of lost packets. To achieve reliable data communication, there are protocols, such as TCP/IP, that can run on top of Ethernet.

MAC-ID

The sender and receiver of Ethernet packets are addressed by means of the MAC-ID. The MAC-ID is a 6-byte identification code unique to every Ethernet device in the world. The MAC-ID consists of two parts. The first part (i.e. the first 3 bytes) is a manufacturer identifier. The identifier for Beckhoff is 00 01 05. The next 3 bytes are assigned by the vendor and implement a unique serial number. The MAC-ID can, for example, be used for the BootP protocol in order to set the TCP/IP number. This involves sending a telegram containing the information such as the name or the TCP/IP number to the corresponding node. You can read the MAC-ID with the KS2000 configuration software.

The Internet Protocol (IP)

The internet protocol (IP) forms the basis of this data communication. IP transports data packets from one device to another; the devices can be in the same network, or in different networks. IP here looks after the address management (finding and assigning MAC-IDs), segmentation and routing. Like the Ethernet protocol, IP does not guarantee that the data is transported - data packets can be lost, or their sequence can be changed.

TCP/IP was developed to provide standardized, reliable data exchange between any numbers of different networks. TCP/IP is largely independent of the hardware and software used. Although the term is often used as a single concept, a number of protocols are layered together here: e.g. IP, TCP, UDP, ARP and ICMP.

Ethernet 1:
Structure of the Ethernet protocol.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which runs on top of IP is a connection-oriented transport protocol. It includes error detection and handling mechanisms. Lost telegrams are repeated.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

UDP is a connectionless transport protocol. It provides no control mechanism when exchanging data between sender and receiver. This results in a higher processing speed than, for example, TCP. Checking whether or not the telegram has arrived must be carried out by the higher-level protocol.

Protocols based on TCP/IP and UDP/IP 

The following protocols, for example, can be based on TCP/IP or UDP:

Ethernet 2:
Protocols based on TCP/IP and UDP/IP.

ADS is based on either TCP or UDP.